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【青华海生物多样性之美】彩鹮:我曾一度在中国绝迹,如今身着七彩衣裳缓缓而归

媒体:原创  作者:保山青华海
专业号:保山青华海 2021/2/3 11:13:07

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保山青华海国家湿地公园管理中心

保山市科学技术协会

联合推出

第11期

The 11th Phase

脊椎动物.彩鹮 Plegadis falcinellus

脊椎动物,鸟纲,鹈形目,鹮科。彩鹮和珍稀鸟类黑脸琵鹭、白琵鹭以及中国著名且独有的“国宝”鸟儿朱鹮是亲戚。世界广布,全球数量约23—222万只,但在中国数量极其稀少,是国家二级重点保护动物。自1934年动物学家黄寿振先生在《浙江鸟类之调查》一文中记载宁波有一只彩鹮标本外,此后70多年,中国再也没有彩鹮的任何记录。按照国际学界标准,1个物种在野外50年没有观察到,就被视为野外灭绝,一些专家依此提出彩鹮在中国已经绝迹。

2009年,在中国消失很久的彩鹮首次现身成都,随后,在河北、新疆、内蒙古、云南、浙江等多地也发现了彩鹮的身影。由于它们停留的时间较短,而且大部分是单只或两只的零星个体,因此,大部分目击记录被认为旅鸟或迷鸟。可喜的是,越来越多的大种群被发现,如云南的昆明、红河和玉溪分别出现了10只、18只和21只的彩鹮种群,而且目前已在云南大理和陕西汉中记录到了彩鹮成功自然繁殖。2019年,保山青华海国家湿地公园曾记录到一只彩鹮,当时它和一群小白鹭混群。今年,青华海再次监测到彩鹮。曾经消失的彩鹮正逐步归来。

彩鹮是中型涉禽,体长49-66厘米,比大型鹭类小,与白腰杓鹬大致相当。远观彩鹮,它们的羽毛呈黑色,并不起眼。靠近后,发现其脖子、上背部和下腹部是栗色的,下背部、翅膀和尾巴具有绿色和紫色的金属光泽。彩鹮的英文名“Glossy Ibis”中的“Glossy”意为有光泽的。在阳光的照射下,随着彩鹮移动,其羽毛表层的细微结构使光波发生折射、漫反射等,使得彩鹮的羽色光泽变幻多彩,所以才会叫“彩鹮”吧。尤其是它们两翼的铜绿色金属光泽特别鲜艳夺目。彩鹮前颊的上下两侧至前额有白色至浅蓝色的细线,喙细长而且向下弯曲,深色。

它们喜欢在浅水湖泊、沼泽、河流、水塘、湿草地和稻田等淡水生境觅食,主要捕食昆虫、甲壳类(螃蟹和虾等)、软体动物(贻贝等)和小鱼等,有时也吃水稻。觅食时一边缓慢行走,一边将镰刀状细长而下弯的大长嘴伸进泥地或浅水中左右摆动探寻食物。彩鹮白天活动和觅食,晚上则到远离水的树上栖息,喜欢群居,常常和鹭等鸟类混群活动,在树上筑巢繁殖。

有专家认为,彩鹮重返中国,应是多个因素共同促成的。可能是世界其他地区的彩鹮数量增加,导致部分个体向外扩散。也可能是全球气候变暖影响了彩鹮的迁徙与分布区变动。另外,中国近年来湿地生态环境的恢复也为它们的回归提供了必要的生境条件。

The 11th Phase

Plegadis falcinellus (Glossy Ibis)

Vertebrates, Aves, Pelecaniformes, Threskiornithidae. Glossy Ibis and some rare birds such as Black-faced Spoonbill, Eurasian Spoonbill and Crested Ibis that is the famous and unique "national treasure" in China are relatives. It is widely distributed in the world, with a global population of about 230,000-2,220,000. However, it is extremely rare in China, and it is a second-class key protected animal. The zoologist named Huang Shouzhen recorded a Glossy Ibis specimen in Ningbo in his article "A Survey of Birds in Zhejiang" in 1934. From then on, there are no records of any Glossy Ibis in China during more than 70 years. According to the international academic standards, if a species couldn't be observed in the wild for 50 years, it is regarded as extinct in the wild. Therefore, some experts proposed that the Glossy Ibis became extinct in China.

In 2009, the long-lost Glossy Ibis was first observed in Chengdu, later observed in Hebei, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Zhejiang and other places. Most sightings are considered to be travellers or wanderers because of their short stay and the fact that most of them are one or two individuals. The good news is that more and more large populations have been observed. For example, 10, 18 and 21 Glossy Ibis have been observed in Kunming, Honghe and Yuxi in Yunnan Province. Moreover, successful natural breeding of Glossy Ibis has been recorded in Dali of Yunnan Province and Hanzhong of Shaanxi Province. In 2019, a Glossy Ibis was recorded in Qinghuahai National Wetland Park in Baoshan when it was foraging with a flock of Little Egret. This year, Glossy Ibis was observed in Qinghuahai again. The Glossy Ibis that was once extinct are gradually returning.

Glossy Ibis is a medium-sized wading bird with a body length of 49-66 cm, which have the same size as Eurasian Curlew but smaller than large herons. When observing the Glossy Ibis from a distance, their black feathers looks unconspicuous. Howerer, when seen  nearby, you will found their neck, upper back and underparts are maroon, and the lower back, wings and tail have a metallic luster of green and purple. In the sunshine, when the Glossy Ibis moves, the subtle structure of its surface feathers make light waves refracted and diffuse reflect, which makes the luster of Glossy Ibis’s feather changeable and colorful. Maybe that is why Plegadis falcinellus was called " Glossy Ibis". Their copper-green metallic luster of their wings is particularly resplendent. The upper and lower sides of the front cheek of Glossy Ibis to the forehead has a white to light blue thin line, and the beak is dark, long and thin and curved downward.

The Glossy Ibis likes to forage in freshwater habitats such as shallow lakes, marshes, rivers, ponds, wet grasslands and rice paddies. It mainly preys on insects, crustaceans (crabs and shrimps), mollusks (mussels, etc.) and small fish, and sometimes also eats rice. When searching for food, they walk slowly while thrusting their long, slender, downward-curving sickle-shaped bill into the mud or shallow water and swing it from side to side to seek food. They forage during the day and roost in trees far from the water at night. Glossy Ibis that often live with herons like to live in groups, and nest in trees to breed.

Some experts believe that many factors have contributed to the return of the Glossy Ibis to China. It's possible that the increasing population of the Glossy Ibis in other countries in the world caused some individuals to spread out. It is also possible that global warming has affected the migration and distribution of the Glossy Ibis. In addition, the restoration of wetland ecological environment in China recent years also provides necessary habitat for their return.

摄影师介绍

Introduction of the photographer

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蔡庆彪,1989年生,贵州人。2008年离开贵州到云南保山接触摄影。保山市摄影协会会员,隆阳区摄影协会常务理事。多幅作品在摄影比赛中获奖,在各类摄影展中展示并被入册出版。长期在青华海拍鸟,其鸟类作品曾多次获奖,《水雉的故事》曾获青华海鸟类摄影大赛视频组金奖,并登上央视,同时也是东方鸻、玉带海雕等云南和保山鸟类新记录的记录者。

Qingbiao Cai, born in 1989, Guizhou native and left Guizhou for Baoshan In 2008. From then on, he began to learn photography. He is a member of Baoshan Photography Association and the executive director of Longyang District Photography Association. Many of his works have won awards in photography competitions, and be exhibited and published. He has been taking photos of birds in The Qinghuahai for a long time, and his bird works have won many awards. The Story of Pheasant-tailed Jacana won the gold medal in the Video group of the Qinghuahai Bird Photography Contest and was listed on CCTV. Moreover, he is also the recorder of the Oriental Plover and Pallas's Fish Eagle, which are the new records of Yunnan and Baoshan birds.

文字整理:黄木娇

海报设计:黄木娇

英文翻译:何雪、黄木娇

Text: Mujiao Huang

Poster design: Mujiao Huang

English translation: He Xue, Mujiao Huang

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